Before we speak about glycation, let us con- immunologists under the supervision of V.
sider peptides — signaling molecules that G. Morozov and V. Kh. Khavinson was en-
regulate many processes in the body. Against gaged in the development of such drugs that
the background of impaired stress adapta- could increase the survival of the organism in
tion, oxidation and intoxication, the immune extreme conditions such as irregular sleep-
and neuroendocrine systems begin to mal- ing patterns, exposure to negative climatic
function, our body organs and systems are factors, radiation, polarized light reaching
overloaded, and it ultimately causes tissue retina, and pressure drops. With the stress
failure. All this results in DNA disruption and model in mind, they assumed that the military
protein synthesis failure. personnel are exposed to intense and pro-
In order to clearly understand the importance longed stress that affects adaptation mech-
of peptides, we must have a closer look at the anisms. Scientists noticed that those who
processes of regulation that take place in the experienced such a stress were more likely
human body. There are three basic levels of to develop age-related pathologies and prone
regulation: to premature aging. Accelerated aging was
• the nervous system — with the help of perceived as the result of stress or multiple
the brain tissue, it answers the questions: prolonged stresses. At the same time, scien-
WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN will happen; tists started to consider stress adaptation op-
• the endocrine system — or hormone-de- portunities. They found out that the activity
pendent mechanisms; of genes and protein synthesis in the pineal
• the local, or interstitial, level of regulation gland gradually decreases. The same changes
Tibetan sages spoke about. are observed in all worn-out tissues and or-
Thus, in the current chapter we will talk gans. Consequently, in impaired organs and
about the third level of regulation of process- tissues, there is a decline in gene activity and
es — interstitial, and peptides as its integral protein synthesis, and the amount of short
part. Peptides comprise a system of targeting proteins — peptides — is sharply reduced.
signaling molecules that trigger the reading A decision was made to obtain an extract,
of genes. A DNA molecule is not just a store- a fraction containing peptides, from healthy
house of information. It can be dormant, but young tissues. It was expected that the ex-
when it is enabled, as a result of gene read- tract of the respective organs and tissues
ing, a protein, encoded in one of its parts, is would be able to repair worn-out organs.
synthesized. Today it is hard to imagine pro- Those extracts were then injected into the
tein synthesis and the work of genes without tissue cells whose function had been im-
peptides. They became the object of research paired. Surprisingly, normal cellular function
in the second half of the XX century, when began to restore. Initially, this new technique
they started talking about the structure of was tested on laboratory animals, then ex-
a DNA molecule and working on drugs that periments on volunteers followed. During
could significantly increase the survival rate the first stages, scientists tried to take an
of the organism under extreme conditions extract from the corresponding or homol-
and with increased loads. Extreme survival ogous tissue. Later they used extracts from
conditions have always been the domain of non-homologous tissues. In the course of
military medicine. the experiments, it was found that the ob-
But for our military doctors, we might never tained extracts have a targeted effect. For
have made so many discoveries in anti-aging example, an extract taken from the bone and
medicine. cartilaginous tissue will improve the work of
In the 1970s in the USSR, a group of military the musculoskeletal system, and everything
35 // Health territory. PEPTIDES. On Peptides
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